Improvements relating to wind turbine blade manufacture

ABSTRACT

A method of forming a wind turbine blade shear web flange section ( 36 ) by resin transfer moulding comprises providing a mould assembly ( 84 ) comprising a mould surface ( 86 ) defining a mould cavity and arranging a plurality of elongate flange elements ( 46 ) with the mould surface in an array ( 80 ) such that the flange elements are positioned one on top of another with first and second longitudinal ends ( 56,60 ) of each flange element longitudinally offset from respective first and second longitudinal ends of a neighbouring flange element so as to form a tapered portion ( 58,62 ) at each of a first and second longitudinal end of the flange section ( 36 ). A The method further comprises injecting resin to the mould cavity and curing the array of flange elements in a resin matrix to form a cured flange section having a laminate construction.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to wind turbine blades and more specifically to a flange of a wind turbine blade shear web.

BACKGROUND

Modern wind turbine blades comprise an outer shell that defines the aerodynamic contour of the blade. One or more shear webs are typically arranged inside the outer shell. The shear webs are longitudinally-extending structures comprising a panel with upper and lower flanges extending along longitudinal edges of the panel. These flanges are used to bond the shear web to opposed load-bearing spar caps which may be integrated within the shell structure, or bonded to an inner surface of the shell.

An example of a known shear web flange is described in applicant's PCT application WO2016/177375A1. The flange is substantially T-shaped in cross-section and comprises an upstand extending transversely to a base. As described in this application, the use of pre-manufactured shear web flanges simplifies the manufacturing process of a shear web because it allows relatively simple shear web tooling and moulding processes to be used, and further avoids the need for subsequent bonding of return flanges.

The T-shaped flanges described in WO2016/177375A1 are formed using a pultrusion process, in which resin-coated fibres are pulled through a T-shaped pultrusion die. The pultrusion process necessarily requires a significant proportion of the fibres to extend parallel to the length of the flanges (i.e. in the 0° direction). However, the 0° fibres in these pultruded flanges may in some cases impart an undesirably high level of longitudinal stiffness to the flanges. If the longitudinal stiffness of the flanges is too high, a proportion of the bending loads may be carried by the flanges instead of by the spar caps. It is therefore desirable to reduce or avoid the use of longitudinally oriented 0° fibres in the shear web flanges.

A shear web flange may be divided into longitudinal flange sections to accommodate blade twist resulting from the variable geometry of a wind turbine blade along its length. Dividing the shear web flange into longitudinal flange sections also assists in the transportation of components before final assembly to complete the wind turbine blade. When manufacturing a shear web, the flange sections are arranged end to end. FIG. 1 shows first and second known shear web flange sections 500 a, 500 b with their longitudinal axes A-A aligned prior to being bonded together end-to-end to form part of a shear web flange. The flange sections 500 a, 500 b extend longitudinally and have a constant T-shaped cross-section along their length.

Opposed ends 502 a, 502 b of the known flange sections 500 a, 500 b have been chamfered transversely to their longitudinal axes A-A in order to form a sufficiently strong bond between adjacent flange sections 500 a, 500 b. The chamfered ends 502 a, 502 b define bonding surfaces 504 a, 504 b to which adhesive is applied before pressing the surfaces 504 a, 504 b together to form a bonded joint between the flange sections 500 a, 500 b. Chamfering the ends 502 a, 502 b of the flange sections 500 a, 500 b achieves a sufficiently strong joint between the sections 500 a, 500 bbut also results in a considerable wastage of material, since large portions of the flange sections 500 a, 500 b must be discarded when making the chamfered cuts. This material wastage adds significant cost to the overall cost of materials for the blade.

Discontinuities along the shear web flange, for example where adjacent flange sections join, can result in stress concentrations when the blade undergoes loading in use. Accordingly, it is desirable to increase the bonding area to minimize stress concentrations at the joints between adjacent flange sections. However, in the case of the prior art, a compromise must be made between material wastage and a desirable bond area which may come at the cost of increased stress concentrations at the joint.

It is against this background that the present invention has been developed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of forming a wind turbine blade shear web flange section by resin transfer moulding (RTM). The method comprises providing a mould assembly comprising a mould surface defining a mould cavity and arranging a plurality of elongate flange elements with the mould surface in an array such that the flange elements are positioned one on top of another with first and second longitudinal ends of each flange element longitudinally offset from respective first and second longitudinal ends of a neighbouring flange element so as to form a tapered portion at each of a first and second longitudinal end of the flange section. The method further comprises injecting resin to the mould cavity and curing the array of flange elements in a resin matrix to form a cured flange section having a laminate construction.

Resin transfer moulding (RTM) means a closed mould process in which fibrous reinforcement material is placed in a matched mould. Resin is then injected under pressure into the mould cavity which flows through the fibres to fill the mould space. The matched mould is typically in two parts that are clamped or pressed together. RTM is distinguished from vacuum bag moulding, such as vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) where there is no matched mould, and instead a flexible sheet is placed over dry fibrous material to form a mould cavity and once the mould cavity is sealed vacuum is applied and resin is infused into the mould cavity.

The flange elements are arranged on a first portion of the mould surface so as to form a base of the flange section, and on a second portion of the mould surface, which extends substantially away from the first portion, so as to form an upstand of the flange section extending substantially away from the base of said flange section.

The flange elements may be pre-formed with a substantially L-shaped cross section prior to arranging the flange elements with the mould surface. Preferably the flange elements comprise a fibrous material such as +/−45 degree biaxial fabric. The fibrous material may comprise less than 30% of fibres oriented in a longitudinal direction of the flange element. Preferably the fibrous material comprises 0% of fibres oriented in a longitudinal direction of the flange element.

Consecutive flange elements in the array are arranged with at least one longitudinal edge offset from a corresponding longitudinal edge of a neighbouring flange element to form an upstand which tapers with increasing distance from the base, and/or a base which tapers with increasing distance from the upstand.

The mould cavity may have a substantially T-shaped profile in cross-section. Four or more flange elements may be arranged in the array such that at least two flange elements form a first side of the flange section and at least two flange elements form a second side of the flange section resulting in a substantially T-shaped flange section.

The flange elements on the second side of the flange section are arranged such that first longitudinal ends of said flange elements are longitudinally offset from corresponding first longitudinal ends of the flange elements on the first side of the flange section.

A method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shear web may be provided, the method comprising: arranging an elongate panel; arranging a plurality of flange sections along a longitudinal edge of the elongate panel, the flange sections being formed as set out above; integrating the plurality of flange sections and the elongate panel to form a wind turbine blade shear web. The tapered portions of longitudinally adjacent flange sections may overlap to define at least one scarf joint between said adjacent flange sections.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A brief description of FIG. 1 has already been given above by way of background to the present invention. The present invention will now be described by way of non-limiting examples with reference to the following figures, in which:

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a wind turbine blade;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade;

FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a shear web flange section;

FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of an arrangement of first and second shear web flange sections;

FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of four flange sections arranged to form part of a shear web flange;

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade according to a second example;

FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade according to a development on the second example;

FIGS. 9a to 9c schematically show stages involved in manufacturing shear web flange sections;

FIGS. 10a to 10d schematically show stages involved in manufacturing shear web flange sections by a resin transfer moulding process; and

FIGS. 11a to 11g schematically show stages involved in manufacturing a shear web of a wind turbine blade.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a wind turbine blade 10. The blade 10 comprises an outer shell 12 of a composite construction and formed in two parts: a leeward half shell 14 and a windward half shell 16. The blade 10 extends in a spanwise direction (S) between a root 18 and a tip 20, and in a chordwise direction (C) between a leading edge 22 and a trailing edge 24. A shear web 26 is located inside the blade 10. The shear web 26 comprises an elongate panel 28 and upper and lower flanges 30 a, 30 b extending transverse to the panel 28 and arranged along longitudinal edges 32 a, 32 b thereof. The elongate panel 28 is formed of a lightweight core material such as polyurethane foam, polystyrene or balsa wood. In this example, the shear web 26 has a substantially I-shaped cross-section wherein the flanges 30 a, 30 b extend transverse to the shear web panel 28 on both a first 34 a and an opposing second 34 b side of the shear web 26.

Each shear web flange 30 a, 30 b extends in the spanwise direction (S) and comprises longitudinal flange sections 36 (shown in FIG. 4) which are integrated with the panel 28 when forming the shear web 26. A flange section 36 according to an example of the invention is described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 4. It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to shear webs 26 having an I-shaped cross section such as that shown in FIG. 2; in some examples, a shear web 226 may comprise flanges extending transverse to the shear web panel 28 on only one of the first or second sides 34 a, 34 b thereof as shown for example in FIG. 7.

FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the wind turbine blade 10 according to a first example. The blade 10 includes first and second spar caps 38 a, 38 b integrated respectively in the leeward and windward half shells 14, 16 of the blade 10. The upper and lower flanges 30 a, 30 b of the shear web 26 are bonded respectively to the first and second spar caps 38 a, 38 b by means of adhesive 40.

In this example, the shear web flanges 30 a, 30 b are substantially T-shaped in cross-section. The

T-shaped flanges 30 a, 30 b comprise a plurality of flange sections 36 each comprising a base 42 and an upstand 44 extending substantially away from the respective base 42 and having a substantially L-shaped cross-section. The upstand 44 of each flange section 36 is integrated with the shear web panel 28. The base 42 of each flange section 36 defines a mounting surface 45 which, by means of adhesive 40, is bonded to a spar cap 38 a, 38 b. The shear web 26, is therefore mounted between the opposed spar caps 38 a, 38 b via the mounting surface 45 defined by the base 42 of each flange section 36.

Each flange section 36 is formed of a plurality of flange elements 46 as will be described in more detail below. The flange sections 36 that form a shear web flange 30 a, 30 b may not necessarily all have the exact same profile. For example, it is possible to form flange sections 36 having a variety of profile shapes dependent on the prescribed location of a flange section 36 in the shear web flange 30, 30 b. In the example shown in FIG. 3, the flange sections 36 comprise a base 42 and upstand 44 which are substantially perpendicular to one another. However, at other locations along the spanwise S length of the shear web 26, flange sections 36 having a different profile may be implemented to best fit the aerodynamic profile of the outer shell 12 of the blade 10.

Further to this, a chordwise C width of the flange 30 a, 30 b may vary along the spanwise S length of the shear web 26 to provide optimal site specific structural properties along the blade 10. The flange sections 36 can be tailored as a result of the properties of individual flange elements 46 such as width and material of an element 46 and in how the flange elements 46 are arranged with one another. Alternatively, each of the flange sections 36 may comprise a uniform width resulting in a shear web flange 30 a, 30 b having a uniform chordwise C width along its entire spanwise S length.

FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a shear web flange section 36 according to the first example. In this example, the flange section 36 is a cured component of laminate construction, comprising a plurality of flange elements 46 in a cured resin matrix. It will however be appreciated that in some examples, as described below with reference to FIGS. 11a to 11g , the flange elements 46 may only be integrated with one another in the resin matrix at the same time that the flange section 36 is integrated with the elongate panel 28 when manufacturing the complete shear web 26.

The flange elements 46 comprise a fibrous material such as +/−45° biaxial fabric in which the fibres are oriented at +/−45° to the longitudinal direction (S) of the flange element 46. In an example, the fibres are glass fibres. In preferred examples, the fibrous material comprises less than 30% of fibres oriented in the longitudinal direction (S) of the flange element 46. Preferably the fibrous material comprises 0% of fibres oriented in the longitudinal direction (S) of the flange element 46.

The shear web flange 30 formed by a plurality of the flange sections 36 shown in FIG. 4 may be an upper flange 30 a or a lower flange 30 b of the shear web 26 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The flange section 36 is elongate and extends in the spanwise direction (S) from a first end 48 to a second end 50. A longitudinal axis B-B of the flange section 36 is indicated in FIG. 4. The flange section 36 comprises a plurality of elongate flange elements 46 arranged one on top of another.

The flange elements 46 are substantially L-shaped in cross-section, each flange element 46 comprising a base 52 and an upstand 54 which extends substantially away from the base 52. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4, the flange section 36 comprises three discrete flange elements 46 though it will be appreciated that any number of a plurality of flange elements 46 arranged as described may be applicable for a flange section 36 without departing from the scope of the invention.

The flange elements 46 are offset from one another in a longitudinal direction (S) of the flange section 36, i.e. a first longitudinal end 56 of each flange element 46 is longitudinally offset from a corresponding first longitudinal end 56 of a neighbouring flange element 46, defining a tapered portion 58 at the first longitudinal end 48 of the flange section 36. In the present example, the flange elements 46 are of equal length (L) and the longitudinal offset of the respective first ends 56 of the flange elements 46 therefore results in a similar longitudinal offset of a second longitudinal end 60 of each flange element 46 from that of a neighbouring flange element 46 defining a further tapered portion 62. A tapered portion 58, 62 is thereby formed at each of the first and second longitudinal ends 48, 50 of the flange section 36.

As shown in FIG. 4, tapered portions 58 a, 62 a at the first and second longitudinal ends 48, 50 are formed in the base 42 of the flange section 36. Each of the tapered portions 58 a, 62 a in the base 42 of the flange section 36 define one of an upward or downward facing scarfed surface 64 a, 66 a. The longitudinal offset between flange elements 46 of the flange section 36 similarly forms tapered portions 58 b, 62 b of the upstand 44 at first and second longitudinal ends 48, 50 thereof. The tapered portions 58 b, 62 b of the upstand 44 define first and second scarfed surfaces 64 b, 66 b of the upstand 44.

Flange sections at the root end 18 and tip end 20 of the flange 30 are formed differently from the flange sections 36 described herein. The tapered portions 58, 62 of a flange section 36 are configured to form a scarf joint between longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36 in a shear web flange 30. Therefore, in a tipmost or rootmost flange section having only one other longitudinally adjacent flange section 36, a tapered portion may only be formed at one of the first or second longitudinal ends 48, 50 of said tipmost or rootmost flange section.

Longitudinal edges 68 of each flange element 46 are offset from one another in a direction T normal to the longitudinal direction B of the flange section 36. As a result of the offset between corresponding longitudinal edges 68 of each flange element 46, the upstand 44 of the flange section 36 tapers; a chordwise C thickness X of the upstand 44 decreasing as a distance Y from the flange section base 42 increases. In this example, further longitudinal edges 70 of the flange elements 46 are similarly offset from one another such that a thickness H of the flange section base 42 decreases with increasing distance Q from the upstand 44. In other examples, a flange section 36 may comprise flange elements 46 each having different widths. In this case even with an offset between longitudinal edges 68 of each flange element 46 to form a tapered upstand 44, the further longitudinal edges 70 of each flange element 46 are aligned with one another resulting in a base 42 having a constant thickness H across the chordwise C width of the flange section 36.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic perspective view of a first and second flange section 36 a, 36 barranged with their longitudinal axes B-B aligned. The scarfed surfaces 64 a, 64 b at the first end 48 of the first flange section 36 a are configured to mate with the scarfed surfaces 66 a, 66 b at the second end 50 of the second flange section 36 b. That is, the scarfed surface 64 a defined in the base 42 at the first end 48 of the first flange section 36 a and the scarfed surface 66 a defined in the base 42 at the second end 50 of the second flange section 36 b form a scarf joint 72 when assembled to form the shear web flange 30. Similarly, a scarf joint 74 is formed between the upstands 44 of longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36 where the tapered portions 58, 62 at the first end 48 of the first flange section 36 a and second end 50 of the second flange section 36 b overlap in an assembled shear web flange 30.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic perspective view of four L-shaped flange sections 36 arranged to form part of a shear web flange 30 such as the flange 30 a or 30 b shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The flange sections 36 are arranged such that a plurality of flange sections 36 are arranged along each of the first and second sides 34 a, 34 b of the shear web panel 28 as also shown in FIG. 3. The upstands 44 of the flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the panel 28 face towards the upstands 44 of the flange sections 36 on the second side 34 b of the panel 28. In other words, the upstands 44 of each of the flange sections 36 are directed in substantially the same direction, namely substantially parallel to the first and second sides 34 a, 34 b of the elongate shear web panel 28. The longitudinally extending flange 30 formed by the plurality of flange sections 36 therefore comprises a T-shaped cross-section.

Although each of the flange sections 36 in the example shown in FIG. 6 comprise substantially the same profile, i.e. with an upstand 44 and base 42 substantially perpendicular to one another, it is anticipated that in some examples flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the shear web 26 may comprise a different profile to a flange section 36 on the second side 34 b of the shear web 26. An example where this may occur is at the tip end 20 of the shear web 26, where the shell 12 of the wind turbine blade 10 tapers and twists to optimise aerodynamic and structural properties of the blade 10. At the tip end 20 of the shear web 26, flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the shear web 26 may comprise a profile wherein an angle between the upstand 44 and base 42 is substantially less than 90°, and flange sections 36 on the second side 34 b of the shear web 26 may comprise a profile wherein an angle between the upstand 44 and base 42 is substantially greater than 90°.

The flange sections 36 are arranged such that longitudinal ends 48, 50 of the plurality of flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the elongate panel 28 are longitudinally offset from the longitudinal ends 48, 50 of the plurality of flange sections 36 on the second side 34 b of the elongate panel 28. Accordingly, scarf joints 72, 74 formed between longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the shear web 26 are longitudinally offset (i.e. in a spanwise direction) from scarf joints 72, 74 formed between longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36 arranged on the second side 34 b of the shear web 26. Advantageously, in a blade 10 comprising such an arrangement of flange sections 36 there is a continuous load path between the spar caps 38 a, 38 b, elongate panel 28 and shear web flanges 30 a, 30 b along the entire length of the shear web 26. Therefore, an improved joint solution between flange sections 36 of a shear web flange 30 which reduces or completely overcomes the stress concentrations at discontinuities between longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36 is provided.

FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade 10 according to a second example. The wind turbine blade 10 comprises a shear web 26 bonded between mutually opposed spar caps 38 a, 38 b in each half shell 14, 16. The shear web 26 in this example comprises an elongate panel 28 having a first side 34 a and an opposing second side 34 b. As in the first example, a longitudinally extending flange 30 a, 30 b formed of a plurality of flange sections 36 is arranged along a longitudinal edge 32 a, 32 b of the panel 28. In the present example, the flange sections 36 are arranged along the first side 34 a of the panel 28 and integrated therewith to form a C-shaped web 26 instead of the I-shaped shear web 26 of the first example.

In this second example, the flange sections 36 are formed according to the description of the first example above, from a plurality of L-shaped flange elements 46 arranged on top of one another and longitudinally offset from one another such that the offset between flange elements 46 defines a tapered portion at each of the first and second longitudinal ends of the flange section. Similarly, in this example the flange elements 46 comprise a fibrous material such as +/−45° biaxial fabric. A plurality of flange sections 36 are arranged along the first side 34 a of the panel 28 with tapered portions overlapped to form scarf joints between longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36.

FIG. 8 shows a development on the second example described above. The wind turbine blade 10 of the second example may further comprise a plurality of flange sections 36 arranged along the second side 34 b of the shear web panel 28. The upstands 44 of the flange sections 36 on the second side 34 b of the elongate panel 28 face towards the upstands 44 of the flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the elongate panel 28, i.e. the upstand 44 of each flange section 36 extends substantially parallel to the first or second side 34 a, 34 b of the elongate panel 28, such that the resulting shear web flange 30 a, 30 b has a substantially T-shaped cross-section. In this example, the elongate panel 28 is sandwiched between the upstands 44 of the flange sections 36. The flange sections 36 are arranged such that longitudinal ends of the plurality of flange sections 36 on the first side 34 a of the elongate panel 28 are longitudinally offset from the longitudinal ends of the plurality of flange sections 36 on the second side 34 b of the elongate panel 28.

Methods of manufacturing flange sections 36 and shear webs 26 according to various examples will now be described with reference to FIGS. 9a to 11g . The shear web flange sections 36 may be pre-manufactured prior to forming the shear web 26 of the wind turbine blade 10 according to a method as shown in FIGS. 9a to 9c , which is not in the scope of the present invention. According to the invention, the flange sections 36 are advantageously pre-manufactured prior to forming the shear web 26 is described with reference to FIGS. 10a to 10d wherein the flange sections 36 are formed by a resin transfer moulding (RTM) process. Finally, in a yet a further example, the flange sections 36 formed of a plurality of flange elements 46 may be formed when the complete shear web 26 is formed in a single operation, as described below with reference to FIGS. 11a to 11 g.

FIG. 9a shows a schematic view of a mould tool 76 which may be used to form a wind turbine blade shear web flange section 36. Although a male (convex) mould surface 78 is depicted in FIG. 9a , the method of manufacture is equally possible using a female (concave) mould surface 78 without departing from the scope of the invention. A plurality of flange elements 46 comprising a fibrous material such as +/−45° biaxial fabric are provided and arranged on the mould surface 78 as shown in FIG. 9b . The flange elements 46 can be formed using tapes of fibrous material which are provided in standard widths and cut into strips of a desired length. This results in zero material wastage in preparing the flange elements 46 for a flange section 36.

The flange elements 46 are arranged in an array 80 with consecutive flange elements 46 positioned one on top another. First and second longitudinal ends 56, 60 of each flange element 46 are longitudinally offset from corresponding first and second longitudinal ends 56, 60 of flange elements 46 in the array 80 to form tapered portions 58, 62 at the first and second ends 48, 50 of the flange section 36.

Adjacent flange elements 46 in the array 80 are arranged with at least one longitudinal edge 68 offset from a corresponding longitudinal edge 68 of a neighbouring flange element 46 to form a taper in a direction normal to the longitudinal direction of the flange section 46. In the present example, two longitudinal edges 68, 70 of each flange element 46 are offset from corresponding longitudinal edges 68, 70 of neighbouring flange elements 46 which results in the tapered upstand 44 and base 42 of the flange section 36 as described above with reference to FIG. 4.

Optionally, as shown in FIG. 9c , at least one further flange element 46 may be arranged alongside the array 80 of flange elements 46 on a mould surface 82 to form a flange section 36 having a substantially T-shaped cross-section. In a preferred example, a plurality of further flange elements 46 are arranged alongside the array 80 of flange elements 46. In this case, it may be advantageous to arrange the flange elements 46 on a mould surface 82 having a substantially T-shaped cross-section. The plurality of further flange elements 46 are arranged one on top of another with longitudinal ends 56, 60 of each flange element 46 longitudinally offset from one another to form tapered portions 58, 62 at first and second ends 48, 50 of the flange section 36. The plurality of further flange elements 46 are arranged such that the tapered portions 58, 62 formed by the further flange elements 46 at each of the first and second ends 48, 50 are longitudinally offset from the tapered portions 58, 62 formed at the first and second ends 48, 50 of the array 80 of flange elements 46.

The flange elements 46 are bonded together in a composite moulding process to form the flange section 36.

The flange sections 36 described above are formed by a resin transfer moulding (RTM) process according to the invention. An example of this is illustrated in FIGS. 10a to 10d . A mould assembly 84 comprising a mould surface 86 that defines a mould cavity 88 is provided as schematically shown in FIG. 10a . In this example the mould assembly 84 comprises a first and second mould part 90, 92, though it will be appreciated that other mould assembly configurations configured to form a flange section 36 are equally as applicable. The mould surface 86 comprises a first portion 86 a that forms the base 42 of a flange section 36 and a second portion 86 b extending substantially away from the first portion 86 a. The second portion 86 b of the mould surface 86 forms the upstand 44 of a flange section 36 which extends substantially away from the base 42 of said flange section 36.

As shown in FIG. 10b , a plurality of flange elements 46 are arranged with the mould surface 86 in an array 80 such that the flange elements 46 are positioned one on top of another. The flange elements 46 comprise a fibrous material such as +/−45° biaxial fibre. The flange elements 46 are arranged on the first portion 86 a of the mould surface 86 to form the base 42 of the flange section 36, and on the second portion 86 b of the mould surface 86 to form an upstand 44 that extends substantially away from the base 42.

The flange elements 46 are arranged with first and second longitudinal ends 56, 60 of each flange element 46 longitudinally offset from respective first and second longitudinal ends 56, 60 of neighbouring flange elements 46. Tapered portions 58, 62 are thereby formed at first and second longitudinal ends 48, 50 of the flange section 36. Consecutive flange elements 46 in the array 80 are arranged with at least one longitudinal edge 68 offset from a corresponding longitudinal edge 68 of a neighbouring flange element 46 to form a tapered upstand 44 and/or a tapered base 42 of the flange section 36.

The flange elements 46 may be pre-formed with a substantially L-shaped cross-section prior to arranging said elements 46 with the mould surface 86. Each of the flange elements 46 therefore comprises a base 52 and an upstand 54 extending substantially away from the base 52. When arranging pre-formed flange elements 46 with the mould surface 86 in the RTM process, the base 52 of each flange element 46 is arranged on the first portion 86 a of the mould surface 86 to form the base 42 of the flange section 36. Similarly, the upstand 54 of each flange element 46 is arranged on the second portion 86 b of the mould surface 86 so as to form the upstand 44 of the flange section 36.

The flange elements 46 may be pre-formed by arranging flange elements 46 on a mould surface 78 in a manner as described above with reference to FIGS. 9a to 9c . The flange elements 46 may comprise a binding agent such as an epoxy binder or such a binder may alternatively be applied to the flange elements 46 once arranged in the array 80. Pre-forming the flange elements 46 as a semi-rigid component prior to arranging them on the mould surface 86 in the RTM process reduces lay-up time in the RTM mould 84 and can increase the accuracy and repeatability of forming each flange section 36. The preformed flange elements 46 can be produced off-line in parallel with the resin transfer moulding operation and can be produced in an automated process to further increase accuracy in forming uniform tapered portions 58, 62 of each flange section 36. The pre-formed flange elements 46 may comprise dry fibrous material or may alternatively comprise pre-preg fibrous material.

The mould cavity 88 may comprise a substantially T-shaped profile in cross-section as shown schematically in FIG. 10c . Such a mould assembly 84 may be used to form a substantially T-shaped flange section 36 by an RTM process. As illustrated in FIG. 10c , four or more flange elements 46 are arranged in the array 80 on the mould surface 86 to form a substantially T-shaped flange section 36 according to the present example in an RTM process. At least two flange elements 46 are arranged to form a first side 94 a of the flange section 36 and at least two flange elements 46 are arranged to form a second side 94 b of the flange section 36. Although six flange elements 46 are shown, any number of a plurality of flange elements 46 may be arranged to form each of the first and second sides 94 a, 94 b of the flange section 36 and the invention is not limited to a flange section 36 comprising only three flange elements 46 forming the first and second sides 94 a, 94 b. The flange elements 46 forming each of the first and second sides 94 a, 94 b of the flange section 36 are arranged on the mould surface 86 in a manner consistent with the arrangement of flange elements 46 to form flange sections 36 described above, i.e. with first and second longitudinal ends 56, 60 of each flange element 46 longitudinally offset from respective first and second longitudinal ends 56, 60 of a neighbouring flange element 46.

As in other examples, the longitudinal offset between each of the flange elements 46 on each side 94 a, 94 b of the T-shaped flange section 36 results in the formation of a tapered portion 58, 62 at the first and second ends 48, 50 of the flange section 36 on each of the first and second sides 94 a, 94 b of the flange section 36 respectively. The flange elements 46 arranged to form the second side 94 b of the flange section 36 are arranged such that first longitudinal ends 56 of said flange elements 46 are longitudinally offset from corresponding first longitudinal ends 56 of the flange elements 46 arranged to form the first side 94 a of the flange section 36. The tapered portions 58 formed at the first end 56 on each of the first and second sides 94 a, 94 b of the flange section 36 are therefore similarly offset in the longitudinal direction.

Referring to FIG. 10d , following the arranging of flange elements 46 with the mould surface 86 of the mould assembly 84, resin 96 is injected to the mould cavity 88. The mould cavity 88 is evacuated to create a vacuum pressure therein prior to the injection of resin 96 to the cavity 88. The resin 96 is cured in the mould cavity 88, thereby curing the array 80 of flange elements 46 in a resin matrix to form a cured flange section 36 having a laminate construction.

Each of the surfaces of a flange section 36 formed in an RTM process is a moulded surface which may be used as datum surface when assembling the flange sections 36 with other components of the blade 10. The RTM process can produce consistently uniform flange sections 36 at a high throughput rate resulting in a more cost effective manufacturing process. Further to this, a high volume fraction is achievable in the RTM process, wherein a higher ratio of reinforcing fibrous material to resin is possible than in many other moulding processes, resulting in increased structural properties of the flange section 36.

FIGS. 11a to 11g depict some of the stages involved in the manufacture of a wind turbine blade shear web 26 according to various examples. FIG. 11a shows a schematic perspective view of shear web mould surface 98. In some examples, plies of fibrous material 100 are arranged on the mould surface 98 to form an outer skin of the shear web 26 as shown in FIG. 11b . An elongate panel 28 is arranged either on the mould surface 98 or on top of the shear web plies 100.

A plurality of flange sections 36 as described above are then arranged along a longitudinal edge 32 of the elongate panel 28 as shown in FIG. 11c . The flange sections 36 are pre-manufactured components of a laminate construction with a plurality of flange elements 46 disposed in a cured resin matrix as described above with reference to FIGS. 4 and 10 a to 10 d.

In a further example, which is not in the scope of the invention, the flange sections 36 may be formed in-situ when arranging components to form the shear web 26 as shown in FIG. 11d . Where the flange sections 36 are formed in-situ, i.e. at the same time that the complete shear web 26 is formed, a plurality of flange elements 46 are provided in an uncured state. As in other examples, the flange elements 46 comprise fibrous material such as +/−45° biaxial fabric. The flange elements 46 are arranged along a longitudinal edge 32 of the elongate panel 28 on the shear web mould surface 98. Flange sections 36 are formed by arranging flange elements 46 one on top of another in an arrangement as described in earlier examples. As shown in FIG. 11d , tapered portions 58, 62 are formed at first and second longitudinal ends 48, 50 of each flange section 36 by arranging the flange elements 46 such that first and second ends 56, 60 of each flange element 46 are longitudinally offset from corresponding first and second ends 56, 60 of neighbouring flange elements 46.

The pre-manufactured flange sections 36 are arranged such that the tapered portions 58, 62 at the first and second longitudinal ends 48, 50 thereof overlap with the tapered portions 62, 58 of respective second and first ends 50, 48 of longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36. By arranging the flange sections 36 with the tapered portions 58, 62 of longitudinally adjacent flange sections 36 overlapping, at least one scarf joint 102 is formed between the adjacent flange sections 36 forming the wind turbine blade shear web flange 30.

As shown in FIG. 11 e, a layer of permeable material 104 is arranged between adjacent flange sections 36 when arranging the plurality of flange sections 36 with the elongate panel 28. The permeable material 104 promotes a more complete resin infusion between the various components of the shear web 26 and serves to reduce defects or irregularities in the manufacture of the shear web 26. Especially when manufacturing a shear web 26 using cured flange sections 36, the layer of permeable material 104 allows resin to infuse thoroughly between adjacent surfaces of adjacent cured flange sections.

To form a substantially T-shaped shear web flange 30, arranging the plurality of flange sections 36 along a longitudinal edge 32 of the elongate panel 28 may comprise arranging a plurality of flange elements 46 having a substantially L-shaped cross section along both of the first and second sides 34 a, 34 b of the elongate panel 28 as shown in FIG. 11f . A plurality of the flange elements 46 are arranged back to back, i.e. with upstands 44 facing one another to form flange sections 36 having a substantially T-shaped cross section. The flange sections 36 are cured laminate components and the plurality of flange elements 46 arranged along the first and second sides 34 a, 34 b of the panel 28 are comprised in the cured flange sections 36. As previously mentioned, a layer of permeable material 104 is preferably arranged between adjacent flange sections 36.

Alternatively, a cured flange section 36 comprising a substantially T-shaped cross section as described in other examples above may be arranged along a longitudinal edge 32 of the elongate panel 28 to form a shear web flange 30 with a substantially T-shaped cross-section.

Further plies of fibrous material 100 may be arranged with the flange sections 36 and elongate panel 28 in some examples as shown in FIG. 11g . In this example, the shear web 26 comprises a sandwich panel structure whereby the core material of the elongate panel 28 is sandwiched between plies of fibrous material 100 on both the first and second sides 34 a, 34 b of the shear web 26. A plastic vacuum bag 106 is arranged over the mould surface 98 and the components arranged thereon to form a sealed region 108 between said vacuum bag 106 and the mould surface 98 encapsulating the shear web components. Resin is admitted to the sealed region 108 to integrate the plurality of flange sections 36 and elongate panel 28, the resin then being cured to form the wind turbine blade shear web 26. The plurality of laminate flange sections 36 and elongate panel 28 are thereby integrated within a resin matrix to form the wind turbine blade shear web 26. In a preferred example, the sealed region 108 may be evacuated to form a vacuum cavity prior to the resin infusion according to a known vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) process.

Although the invention has been described throughout with reference to a shear web 26 of a wind turbine blade 10, it should also be appreciated that the arrangement of flange sections 36 and methods for manufacturing described above may be equally applicable to other structural webs in a wind turbine blade 10. For example, a trailing edge web, used in addition to a shear web 26 to provide structural support to the trailing edge 24, may be similarly constructed from flange sections 36 comprising the features as described above and following a method described above with reference to a shear web 26. 

1. A method of forming a wind turbine blade shear web flange section by resin transfer moulding (RTM), the method comprising: providing a mould assembly comprising a mould surface defining a mould cavity; arranging a plurality of elongate flange elements with the mould surface in an array such that the flange elements are positioned one on top of another with first and second longitudinal ends of each flange element longitudinally offset from respective first and second longitudinal ends of a neighbouring flange element so as to form a tapered portion at each of a first and second longitudinal end of the flange section; injecting resin to the mould cavity; and curing the array of flange elements in a resin matrix to form a cured flange section having a laminate construction.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange elements are arranged on a first portion of the mould surface so as to form a base of the flange section, and on a second portion of the mould surface, which extends substantially away from the first portion, so as to form an upstand of the flange section extending substantially away from the base of said flange section.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange elements are pre-formed with a substantially L-shaped cross section prior to arranging the flange elements with the mould surface.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange elements comprise a fibrous material such as +/−45 degree biaxial fabric.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein consecutive flange elements in the array are arranged with at least one longitudinal edge offset from a corresponding longitudinal edge of a neighbouring flange element to form an upstand which tapers with increasing distance from the base [[(42)]], and/or a base which tapers with increasing distance from the upstand.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mould cavity has a substantially T-shaped profile in cross-section.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein four or more flange elements are arranged in the array such that at least two flange elements form a first side of the flange section and at least two flange elements form a second side of the flange section resulting in a substantially T-shaped flange section.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the flange elements on the second side of the flange section are arranged such that first longitudinal ends of said flange elements are longitudinally offset from corresponding first longitudinal ends of the flange elements on the first side of the flange section.
 9. A method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shear web, the method comprising: arranging an elongate panel; arranging a plurality of flange sections along a longitudinal edge of the elongate panel, the flange sections being formed according to claim 1; and integrating the plurality of flange sections and the elongate panel to form a wind turbine blade shear web.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the tapered portions of longitudinally adjacent flange sections overlap to define at least one scarf joint between said adjacent flange sections. 